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Connections between Dgraph database and its clients can be secured using TLS. In addition, Dgraph can now secure gRPC communications between Dgraph Alpha and Dgraph Zero server nodes using mutual TLS (mTLS). Dgraph can now also secure communications over the Dgraph Zero gRPC-external-private port used by Dgraph’s Live Loader and Bulk Loader clients. To learn more about the HTTP and gRPC ports used by Dgraph Alpha and Dgraph Zero, see Ports Usage. Password-protected private keys are not supported. To further improve TLS security, only TLS v1.2 cypher suites that use 128-bit or greater RSA or AES encryption are supported.
If you’re generating encrypted private keys with openssl, be sure to specify the encryption algorithm explicitly (like -aes256). This forces openssl to include DEK-Info header in private key, which is required to decrypt the key by Dgraph. When default encryption is used, openssl doesn’t write that header and key can’t be decrypted.

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Dgraph certificate management tool

This section refers to the dgraph cert command which was introduced in v1.0.9. For previous releases, see the previous TLS configuration documentation.
The dgraph cert program creates and manages CA-signed certificates and private keys using a generated Dgraph Root CA. There are three types of certificate/key pairs:
  1. Root CA certificate/key pair: This is used to sign and verify node and client certificates. If the root CA certificate is changed then you must regenerate all certificates, and this certificate must be accessible to the Alpha nodes.
  2. Node certificate/key pair: This is shared by the Dgraph Alpha nodes and used for accepting TLS connections.
  3. Client certificate/key pair: This is used by the clients (such as Live Loader or Ratel) to communicate with Dgraph Alpha server nodes where client authentication with mTLS is required.
# To see the available flags.
$ dgraph cert --help

# Create Dgraph Root CA, used to sign all other certificates.
$ dgraph cert

# Create node certificate and private key
$ dgraph cert -n localhost

# Create client certificate and private key for mTLS (mutual TLS)
$ dgraph cert -c dgraphuser

# Combine all in one command
$ dgraph cert -n localhost -c dgraphuser

# List all your certificates and keys
$ dgraph cert ls
The default location where the cert command stores certificates (and keys) is tls under the Dgraph working directory. The default directory path can be overridden using the --dir option. For example: 
dgraph cert --dir ~/mycerts

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File naming conventions

The following file naming conventions are used by Dgraph for proper TLS setup.
File nameDescriptionUse
ca.crtDgraph Root CA certificateVerify all certificates
ca.keyDgraph CA private keyValidate CA certificate
node.crtDgraph node certificateShared by all nodes for accepting TLS connections
node.keyDgraph node private keyValidate node certificate
client.name.crtDgraph client certificateAuthenticate a client name
client.name.keyDgraph client private keyValidate name client certificate
For client authentication, each client must have their own certificate and key. These are then used to connect to the Dgraph server nodes. The node certificate node.crt can support multiple node names using multiple host names and/or IP address. Just separate the names with commas when generating the certificate. 
dgraph cert -n localhost,104.25.165.23,dgraph.io,2400:cb00:2048:1::6819:a417
You must delete the old node cert and key before you can generate a new pair.
When using host names for node certificates, including localhost, your clients must connect to the matching host name — such as localhost not 127.0.0.1. If you need to use IP addresses, then add them to the node certificate.

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Certificate inspection

The command dgraph cert ls lists all certificates and keys in the --dir directory (default dgraph-tls), along with details to inspect and validate cert/key pairs. Example of command output: 
-rw-r--r-- ca.crt - Dgraph Root CA certificate
        Issuer: Dgraph Labs, Inc.
           S/N: 043c4d8fdd347f06
    Expiration: 02 Apr 29 16:56 UTC
SHA-256 Digest: 4A2B0F0F 716BF5B6 C603E01A 6229D681 0B2AFDC5 CADF5A0D 17D59299 116119E5

-r-------- ca.key - Dgraph Root CA key
SHA-256 Digest: 4A2B0F0F 716BF5B6 C603E01A 6229D681 0B2AFDC5 CADF5A0D 17D59299 116119E5

-rw-r--r-- client.admin.crt - Dgraph client certificate: admin
        Issuer: Dgraph Labs, Inc.
     CA Verify: PASSED
           S/N: 297e4cb4f97c71f9
    Expiration: 03 Apr 24 17:29 UTC
SHA-256 Digest: D23EFB61 DE03C735 EB07B318 DB70D471 D3FE8556 B15D084C 62675857 788DF26C

-rw------- client.admin.key - Dgraph Client key
SHA-256 Digest: D23EFB61 DE03C735 EB07B318 DB70D471 D3FE8556 B15D084C 62675857 788DF26C

-rw-r--r-- node.crt - Dgraph Node certificate
        Issuer: Dgraph Labs, Inc.
     CA Verify: PASSED
           S/N: 795ff0e0146fdb2d
    Expiration: 03 Apr 24 17:00 UTC
         Hosts: 104.25.165.23, 2400:cb00:2048:1::6819:a417, localhost, dgraph.io
SHA-256 Digest: 7E243ED5 3286AE71 B9B4E26C 5B2293DA D3E7F336 1B1AFFA7 885E8767 B1A84D28

-rw------- node.key - Dgraph Node key
SHA-256 Digest: 7E243ED5 3286AE71 B9B4E26C 5B2293DA D3E7F336 1B1AFFA7 885E8767 B1A84D28
Important points:
  • The cert/key pairs should always have matching SHA-256 digests. Otherwise, the cert must be regenerated. If the Root CA pair differ, all cert/key must be regenerated; the flag --force can help.
  • All certificates must pass Dgraph CA verification.
  • All key files should have the least access permissions, especially the ca.key, but be readable.
  • Key files won’t be overwritten if they have limited access, even with --force.
  • Node certificates are only valid for the hosts listed.
  • Client certificates are only valid for the named client/user.

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TLS options

Starting in release v21.03, pre-existing TLS configuration options have been replaced by the --tls superflag and its options. The following --tls configuration options are available for Dgraph Alpha and Dgraph Zero nodes:
  • ca-cert <path> - Path and filename of the Dgraph Root CA (for example, ca.crt)
  • server-cert <path> - Path and filename of the node certificate (for example, node.crt)
  • server-key <path> - Path and filename of the node certificate private key (for example, node.key)
  • use-system-ca - Include System CA with Dgraph Root CA.
  • client-auth-type <string> - TLS client authentication used to validate client connections from external ports. To learn more, see Client Authentication Options.
Dgraph now allows you to specify the path and filename of the CA root certificate, the node certificate, and the node certificate private key. So, these files don’t need to have specific filenames or exist in the same directory, as in previous Dgraph versions that used the --tls_dir flag.
You can configure Dgraph Live Loader with the following --tls options:
  • ca-cert <path> - Dgraph root CA, such as ./tls/ca.crt
  • use-system-ca - Include System CA with Dgraph Root CA.
  • client-cert - User cert file provided by the client to Alpha
  • client-key - User private key file provided by the client to Alpha
  • server-name <string> - Server name, used for validating the server’s TLS host name.

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Using TLS with only external ports encrypted

To encrypt communication between Dgraph server nodes and clients over external ports, you can configure certificates and run Dgraph Alpha and Dgraph Zero using the following commands: Dgraph Alpha: 
# First, create the root CA, Alpha node certificate and private keys, if not already created.
# Note that you must specify in node.crt the host name or IP addresses that clients use connect:
$ dgraph cert -n localhost,104.25.165.23,104.25.165.25,104.25.165.27
# Set up Dgraph Alpha nodes using the following default command (after generating certificates and private keys)
$ dgraph alpha --tls "ca-cert=/dgraph-tls/ca.crt; server-cert=/dgraph-tls/node.crt; server-key=/dgraph-tls/node.key"
Dgraph Zero: 
# First, copy the root CA, node certificates and private keys used to set up Dgraph Alpha (above) to the Dgraph Zero node.
# Optionally, you can generate and use a separate Zero node certificate, where you specify the host name or IP addresses used by Live Loader and Bulk Loader to connect to Dgraph Zero.
# Next, set up Dgraph Zero nodes using the following default command:
$ dgraph zero --tls "ca-cert=/dgraph-tls/ca.crt; server-cert=/dgraph-tls/node.crt; server-key=/dgraph-tls/node.key"
You can then run Dgraph Live Loader on a Dgraph Alpha node using the following command: 
# Now, connect to server using TLS
$ dgraph live --tls "ca-cert=./dgraph-tls/ca.crt; server-name=localhost" -s 21million.schema -f 21million.rdf.gz

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Using TLS with internal and external ports encrypted

If you require client authentication (mutual TLS, or mTLS), you can configure certificates and run Dgraph Alpha and Dgraph Zero with settings that encrypt both internal ports (those used within the cluster) as well as external ports (those used by clients that connect to the cluster, including Bulk Loader and Live Loader). The following example shows how to encrypt both internal and external ports: Dgraph Alpha: 
# First create the root CA, node certificates and private keys, if not already created.
# Note that you must specify the host name or IP address for other nodes that will share node.crt.
$ dgraph cert -n localhost,104.25.165.23,104.25.165.25,104.25.165.27
# Set up Dgraph Alpha nodes using the following default command (after generating certificates and private keys)
$ dgraph alpha
      --tls "ca-cert=/dgraph-tls/ca.crt; server-cert=/dgraph-tls/node.crt; server-key=/dgraph-tls/node.key;
internal-port=true; client-cert=/dgraph-tls/client.alpha1.crt; client-key=/dgraph-tls/client.alpha1.key"
Dgraph Zero: 
# First, copy the certificates and private keys used to set up Dgraph Alpha (above) to the Dgraph Zero node.
# Next, set up Dgraph Zero nodes using the following default command:
$ dgraph zero
      --tls "ca-cert=/dgraph-tls/ca.crt; server-cert=/dgraph-tls/node.crt; server-key=/dgraph-tls/node.key; internal-port=true; client-cert=/dgraph-tls/client.zero1.crt; client-key=/dgraph-tls/client.zero1.key"
You can then run Dgraph Live Loader using the following: 
# Now, connect to server using mTLS (mutual TLS)
$ dgraph live
   --tls "ca-cert=./tls/ca.crt; client-cert=./tls/client.dgraphuser.crt; client-key=./tls/client.dgraphuser.key; server-name=localhost; internal-port=true" \
   -s 21million.schema \
   -f 21million.rdf.gz

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Client authentication options

The server always requests client authentication. There are four different values for the client-auth-type option that change the security policy of the client certificate.
ValueClient Cert/KeyClient Certificate Verified
REQUESToptionalClient certificate isn’t VERIFIED if provided. (least secure)
REQUIREANYrequiredClient certificate is never VERIFIED
VERIFYIFGIVENoptionalClient certificate is VERIFIED if provided (default)
REQUIREANDVERIFYrequiredClient certificate is always VERIFIED (most secure)
REQUIREANDVERIFY is the most secure but also the most difficult to configure for clients. When using this value, the value of server-name is matched against the certificate SANs values and the connection host.
If mTLS is enabled using internal-port=true, internal ports (by default 5080 and 7080) use the REQUIREANDVERIFY setting. Unless otherwise configured, external ports (by default 9080, 8080, and 6080) use the VERIFYIFGIVEN setting. Changing the client-auth-type option to another setting only affects client authentication on external ports.

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Using Ratel with client authentication

Ratel UI (and any other JavaScript clients built on top of dgraph-js-http) connect to Dgraph servers via HTTP, when TLS is enabled servers begin to expect HTTPS requests only. If you haven’t already created the CA certificate and the node certificate for Alpha servers from the earlier instructions (see Dgraph Certificate Management Tool), the first step would be to generate these certificates, it can be done by the following command: 
# Create rootCA and node certificates/keys
$ dgraph cert -n localhost
If Dgraph Alpha’s client-auth-type option is set to REQUEST or VERIFYIFGIVEN (default), then client certificate isn’t mandatory. The steps after generating CA/node certificate are as follows:

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Step 1: Install Dgraph root CA into system CA

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Linux

# Copy the generated CA to the ca-certificates directory
$ cp /path/to/ca.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/ca.crt
# Update the CA store
$ sudo update-ca-certificates`

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Step 2: Install Dgraph root CA into web browsers trusted CA list

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Firefox

  • Choose Preferences -> Privacy & Security -> View Certificates -> Authorities
  • Click on Import and import the ca.crt

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Chrome

  • Choose Settings -> Privacy and Security -> Security -> Manage Certificates -> Authorities
  • Click on Import and import the ca.crt

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Step 3. Point Ratel to the https:// endpoint of Alpha server

  • Change the Dgraph Alpha server address to https:// instead of http://, for example https://localhost:8080.
For REQUIREANY and REQUIREANDVERIFY as client-auth-type option, you need to follow the preceding steps and install client certificate on your browser:
  1. Generate a client certificate: dgraph cert -c laptopuser.
  2. Convert it to a .p12 file: 
    openssl pkcs12 -export \
   -out laptopuser.p12 \
   -in tls/client.laptopuser.crt \
   -inkey tls/client.laptopuser.key
    Use any password you like for export, it’s used to encrypt the p12 file.
  3. Import the client certificate to your browser. It can be done in Chrome as follows:
    • Choose Settings -> Privacy and Security -> Security -> Manage Certificates -> Your Certificates
    • Click on Import and import the laptopuser.p12.
Mutual TLS may not work in Firefox because Firefox is unable to send privately signed client certificates, this issue is filed here.
Next time you use Ratel to connect to an Alpha with Client authentication enabled the browser prompts you for a client certificate to use. Select the client’s certificate you’ve imported in the preceding step and queries/mutations should succeed.

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Using Curl with Client authentication

When TLS is enabled, curl requests to Dgraph need some specific options to work. For instance (for changing draining mode): 
curl --silent https://localhost:8080/admin/draining
If you are using curl with Client Authentication set to REQUIREANY or REQUIREANDVERIFY, you need to provide the client certificate and private key. For instance (for an export request): 
curl --silent --cacert ./tls/ca.crt --cert ./tls/client.dgraphuser.crt --key ./tls/client.dgraphuser.key https://localhost:8080/admin/draining
Refer to the curl documentation for further information on its TLS options.

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Access data using a client

Some examples of connecting via a Client when TLS is in use can be found below:

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Troubleshooting Ratel’s Client authentication

If you are getting errors in Ratel when TLS is enabled, try opening your Dgraph Alpha URL as a web page. Assuming you are running Dgraph on your local machine, opening https://localhost:8080/ in the browser should produce a message Dgraph browser is available for running separately using the dgraph-ratel binary. In case you are getting a connection error, try not passing the client-auth-type flag when starting an Alpha. If you are still getting an error, check that your host name is correct and the port is open. Then, make sure that “Dgraph Root CA” certificate is installed and trusted correctly. After that, if things work without passing client-auth-type but stop working when REQUIREANY and REQUIREANDVERIFY are set, make sure the .p12 file is installed correctly.